Apuntes+Bachillerato

=//**Apuntes Bachillerato**//= //**USE**// //**OF**// //**THE**// //**GERUND**//

1.1. The gerund is used after any **preposition**: **He** **left** __**without**__ __**paying**__.Se fue sin pagar. __**Instead**__ __**of**__ __**asking**__ **so** **many** **questions,****why** **don't** **you** **help?** En vez de hacer tantas preguntas, )por qué no ayudas?. **We're** **thinking** __**of**__ __**going**__ **to** **Italy** **this** **summer?**. Estamos pensando en ir a Italia este verano.

1.2. The word **"to"** is considered as a preposition in the expression **to** **be/get** **used** **to,** **to** **devote (time)** **to****,** **to** **look** **forward** **to**: **We're** __**looking**__ __**forward**__ __**to**__ __**hearing**__ **from** **you.** Esperamos con ilusión tener noticias tuyas. **We're** __**getting**__ __**used**__ __**to**__ __**eating**__ **late.** Nos estamos acostumbrando a comer tarde.

1.3 Many important verbs are followed by the gerund. **to** **avoid**(evitar) **to** **dislike**(no gustarle a uno) **to** **enjoy**(disfrutar) **to** **feel** **like** (apetecerle a uno) **To** **finish** (acabar) **to** **give** **up** (renunciar) <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**to** **hate** (odiar) **to** **involve** (implicar,suponer) <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**to** **like** (gustarle a uno,but **I** **would** **like** __**to**____**play**__ **football**) <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**to** **mind** (importar) **to** **put** **off**(aplazar) <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**to** **risk**(arriesgar) **to** **suggest**(sugerir)

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**I** **don't** __**feel**__ __**like**__ __**writing**__ **that** **letter****now.** <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">No me apetece escribir esa carta ahora. <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**He** __**suggested**__ __**waiting.**__ <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Sugiriò esperar (que esperásemos). <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**Don't**__**put**__ __**off**__ __**going**__ **to** **the** **dentist's.** <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">No aplaces el ir al dentista. <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**Would** **you** __**mind**__ __**holding**__ **this?** <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">le importaría sujetar esto?

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">1.4. Many idiomatic expressions are followed by the gerund: <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**HOW/WHAT****ABOUT...?**(Qué te parece...) <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**CAN'T** **HELP**(no poder por menos que...) <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**CAN'T** **STAND**(no poder soportar) <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**TO** **BE** **WORTH****(WHILE)** (merecer la pena) <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**TO** **BE** **NO** **GOOD/****USE** (no servir para nada)

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">__**How**__ __**about**__ __**going**__ **to** **the** **cinema** **tonight?** <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Qué tal si vamos al cine esta noche? <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">__**I couldn't help laughing.**__ <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">No pude por menos que echarme a reir.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">1.5. Some verbs can be followed by the gerund o r the infinitive:**to** **begin**(empezar),**to** **start**(empezar),**to** **continue**(seguir) <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**He** __**began**__ __**to**____**sing/**____**singing.**__ <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">With some verbs, there is a difference of meaning: <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Examples:**to** **remember**(acordarse,recordar),**to** **stop**(parar,dejarde),**to** **try**(intentar,probar): <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**I** __**remembered**__ __**to**__ __**post**__ **the** **letter.**Meacordé de echarlacarta. <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**I** __**remember**__ __**posting**__ **the** **letter.**Recuerdohaberechadolacarta. <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">__**Stop**__ __**talking!**__Deja de hablar! <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**He** __**stopped**__ __**to**__ __**talk.**__Se detuv oa hablar. <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">__**Try**__ __**to**__ __**open**__ **it.** Intenta abrirlo. <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">__**Try**__ __**opening**__ **it.**Prueba abriéndolo.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">With the verbs **"to** **see"** and **"to** **hear"**, the gerund is used if the action is not complete: <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**I** __**saw**__ __**him**__ __**do**__ **it.**Le ví hacerlo(acción completa) <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**I** __**saw**__ __**him**__ __**doing**__ __**it.**__ Le ví haciéndolo(acción incompleta)

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**Stop** <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">If **stop** is followed by a gerund it means dejar un hábito <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">//She// //__stopped__// //e////**ating**// //chocolate// //last// //week////(dejó// //el// //hábito////de...)// <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">If **stop** is followed by an infinitive it means parar con la finalidad de hacer algo <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">//He// //__stopped__// //**to**// //**eat**// //some// //chocolate.////(Paró// //para// //comer// //chocolate)//

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**Forget** <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">If it is accompanied by the gerund, it usually appears in negative sentences with the meaning of Aolvidar algo que ocurrió en el pasado <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">//I// //will// //never// //__forget__// //**visiting**// //the// //Leaning// //Tower// //of// //Pisa// (Nuncaolvidaré...) <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">If it is followed by an Infinitive it means Aolvidarse de hacer algo <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">//Oliver// //always// //__forgets__// //**to**// //**revise**// //his// //notes// //before// //the// //class// (Se olvida de cumplir con su responsabilidad)

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**Regret** <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Followed by a gerund means Asentir algo sobre el pasado <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">//I// //__regret__// //**telling**// //her// //so// //much// //about// //myself//. <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Followed by an infinitive means Ainformar de malas noticias <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">//I// //__regret__// //**to**// //**tell**// //you// //that// //you// //have// //failed// //your// //exam//

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">__**THE**____**INFINITIVE**__

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">1.**The** **infinitive** **without** **"to"**

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">The infinitive is not usually preceded by "to" in the following cases: <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">1.1.Aftermostauxiliaries:**shall,****will,****should,****would,****can,****could,****may,****might,****must**: <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**You** **shouldn't** **work** **so** **hard.**No deberías trabajar tanto. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**We'll** **go** **together.**Iremos juntos. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">Excepciones:**ought** **to,** **have** **to,** **used** **to**

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**He** **has** **to** **get** **up** **very** **early.**Tiene que levantarse muy temprano. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**You** **ought** **to** **remember** **him.**Deberías recordarle.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">1.2.Afte **"to** **let"**and **"to** **make"**(except when to make is used in the passive voice):

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**Let** **me** **see** **what** **you've** **done.**Déjame ver lo que has hecho. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**They'll** **make** **you** **do** **it** **again.**Teharánrepetirlo. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**HE** **WAS** **MADE** **TO** **DO** **IT** **AGAIN.** Le hicieron repetirlo.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">1.3.After the verbs**" to** **hear"** and **"to** **see"**(except when they are used in the passive voice)**,****"to** **watch",****"to** **feel"**(The gerund is also sometimesusedaftertheseverbs):

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**I** **watched** **her** **turn** **the** **corner.** Le vi doblar la esquina. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**He** **heard** **the** **door** **close.**Oyó la puerta cerrarse.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">1.4.After the expressions **"had** **better"(sería** **mejor),"would** **rather"****(preferiría)** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> **Would****rather:****construction**

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">-__INFINITIVE.__ I'd rather go by train. Preferiría ir en tren.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">-__PAST__(action referring to the present or future). I'd rather you prepared the meeting. Preferiría que tú prepararas el encuentro.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">-__PAST____PERFECT.__(action referring to the past).I'd rather you had arranged the meeting. Preferiría que tú hubieras preparado el encuentro. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**You'd** **better** **go** **immediately.**Será mejor que vayas inmediatamente.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">1.5.The verb **"to** **help"** is sometimes followed by the infinitive without "to": <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**Could** **you** **help** **me****(to)** **wash** **the** **dishes?.**)Podrías ayudarme a lavar los platos?.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">2.**THE****VERB+****OBJECT+****INFINITIVE****CONSTRUCTION.** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">This important construction is used with some verbs in English and Spanish: <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**He** **ordered** **him****(obj)** **to****go** **(infin).** Le (obj) mandóir (infin).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">Verbs of this kind are:

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**allow**(permitir),**encourage**(animar),**invite**(invitar),**advise**(aconsejar),**ask**(pedir),**expect**(esperar),**'d****like**(gustaría),**prefer**(preferir) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**remind**(recordar),**tell**(decir),**want**(querer),**beg**(rogar),**intend**(tenerintenciónde),**instruct**(darórdenesoinformar),**order**(ordenar) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**persuade**(persuadir),**recommend**(recomendar),**permit**(permitir),**urge**(recomendar,intentar persuadir).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**I** **want** **you** **to** **go.**Quiero que vayas tú. **I** **prefer** **you** **to** **go.** Prefiero que vayas tú. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**He** **asked** **me** **to** **go.**Me pidió que fuera. **I'd** **like** **you** **to****go.** Me gustaría que fueras <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**I** **expect** **you** **to** **go.** Espero que vayas. **I** **advise** **you** **to** **go.** Te aconsejo que vayas. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**Remind** **him** **to** **go.** Recuérdale que vaya.

Now, here are some pages you can use to practise the uses of the infinitive and the gerund: english page [|ego4u] [|grammar]